This book takes up the thread of a previous book, The Origins of Meaning. That was the easy bit. That book traced the basic precursors in animal behaviour of the kinds of meanings conveyed in human language. The first half of that book explored animals’ private conceptual representations of the world around them; I argued for a form of prelinguistic representation that can be called proto-propositions. The second half of the book explored the beginnings of communication among animals. Animal communication starts with them merely doing things to each other dyadically, for example threatening and submitting. In some animal behaviour we also see the evolutionary seeds of triadically referring to other things, in joint attention to objects in the world. In the light of evolutionary theory, I also explored the social and cognitive conditions that were necessary to get a public signalling system up and running. Thus, at the point where this book begins, some of the deepest foundations of modern human language have been laid down.
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